Substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyridine-3-carboxamides and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to novel substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides, to processes for their preparation, to their use, alone or in combinations, for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, and to their use for producing medicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of cardiovascular disorders.

The present application relates to novel substitutedpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides, to processes for theirpreparation, to their use, alone or in combinations, for the treatmentand/or prophylaxis of diseases, and to their use for producingmedicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, inparticular for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of cardiovasculardisorders.

One of the most important cellular transmission systems in mammaliancells is cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Together with nitrogenmonoxide (NO), which is released from the endothelium and transmitshormonal and mechanical signals, it forms the NO/cGMP system. Guanylatecyclases catalyse the biosynthesis of cGMP from guanosine triphosphate(GTP). The representatives of this family known to date can beclassified into two groups either by structural features or by the typeof ligands: the particulate guanylate cyclases which can be stimulatedby natriuretic peptides, and the soluble guanylate cyclases which can bestimulated by NO. The soluble guanylate cyclases consist of two subunitsand very probably contain one heme per heterodimer, which is part of theregulatory centre. This is of central importance for the activationmechanism. NO is able to bind to the iron atom of heme and thus markedlyincrease the activity of the enzyme. Heme-free preparations cannot, bycontrast, be stimulated by NO. Carbon monoxide (CO) is also able to bindto the central iron atom of heme, but the stimulation by CO is much lessthan that by NO.

By forming cGMP, and owing to the resulting regulation ofphosphodiesterases, ion channels and protein kinases, guanylate cyclaseplays an important role in various physiological processes, inparticular in the relaxation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells,in platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion and in neuronal signaltransmission, and also in disorders which are based on a disruption ofthe aforementioned processes. Under pathophysiological conditions, theNO/cGMP system can be suppressed, which can lead, for example, tohypertension, platelet activation, increased cell proliferation,endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, heartfailure, myocardial infarction, thromboses, stroke and sexualdysfunction.

Owing to the expected high efficiency and low level of side effects, apossible NO-independent treatment for such disorders by targeting theinfluence of the cGMP signal pathway in organisms is a promisingapproach.

Hitherto, for the therapeutic stimulation of the soluble guanylatecyclase, use has exclusively been made of compounds such as organicnitrates whose effect is based on NO. The latter is formed bybioconversion and activates soluble guanylate cyclase by attacking thecentral iron atom of heme. In addition to the side effects, thedevelopment of tolerance is one of the crucial disadvantages of thismode of treatment.

In recent years, some substances have been described which stimulatesoluble guanylate cyclase directly, i.e. without prior release of NO,such as, for example, 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole[YC-1; Wu et al., Blood 84 (1994), 4226; Mülsch et al., Brit. J.Pharmacol. 120 (1997), 681], fatty acids [Goldberg et al., J. Biol.Chem. 252 (1977), 1279], diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate [Pettiboneet al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 116 (1985), 307], isoliquiritigenin [Yu etal., Brit. J. Pharmacol. 114 (1995), 1587] and various substitutedpyrazole derivatives (WO 98/16223).

WO 2012/072512-A1 and WO 2010/117787, among other documents, disclosevarious pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives which can be used fortreatment of disorders.

It was an object of the present invention to provide novel substanceswhich act as stimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase and as such aresuitable for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and have anidentical or improved therapeutic profile compared to the compoundsknown from the prior art, for example with respect to their in vivoproperties, for example their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamiccharacteristics, their solubility and/or their metabolic profile and/ortheir dose-activity relationship.

The present invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I)

in which

R¹ represents a group of the formula

-   -   where    -   * represents the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom,

R² represents methyl or cyclopropyl,

and the N-oxides, salts, solvates, salts of the N-oxides and solvates ofthe N-oxides and salts thereof.

Compounds of the invention are the compounds of the formula (I) and thesalts, solvates and solvates of the salts thereof, the compounds thatare encompassed by formula (I) and are of the formulae mentioned belowand the salts, solvates and solvates of the salts thereof and thecompounds that are encompassed by formula (I) and are cited below asworking examples and the salts, solvates and solvates of the saltsthereof if the compounds that are encompassed by formula (I) and arementioned below are not already salts, solvates and solvates of thesalts.

Preferred salts in the context of the present invention arephysiologically acceptable salts of the compounds according to theinvention. Also encompassed are salts which are not themselves suitablefor pharmaceutical applications but can be used, for example, forisolation or purification of the compounds according to the invention.

Physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the inventioninclude acid addition salts of mineral acids, carboxylic acids andsulfonic acids, for example salts of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromicacid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid,ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,naphthalenedisulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroaceticacid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citricacid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and benzoic acid.

Physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention alsoinclude salts of conventional bases, by way of example and withpreference alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium and potassium salts),alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. calcium and magnesium salts) andammonium salts derived from ammonia or organic amines having 1 to 16carbon atoms, by way of example and with preference ethylamine,diethylamine, triethylamine, ethyldiisopropylamine, monoethanolamine,diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine,dimethylaminoethanol, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-methylmorpholine,arginine, lysine, ethylenediamine and N-methylpiperidine.

Solvates in the context of the invention are described as those forms ofthe compounds according to the invention which form a complex in thesolid or liquid state by coordination with solvent molecules. Hydratesare a specific form of the solvates in which the coordination is withwater. Solvates preferred in the context of the present invention arehydrates.

The compounds of the invention may, depending on their structure, existin different stereoisomeric forms, i.e. in the form of configurationalisomers or else, if appropriate, as conformational isomers (enantiomersand/or diastereomers, including those in the case of atropisomers). Thepresent invention therefore encompasses the enantiomers anddiastereomers, and the respective mixtures thereof. Thestereoisomerically homogeneous constituents can be isolated in a knownmanner from such mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers;preference is given to using chromatographic methods for this purpose,in particular HPLC chromatography on an achiral or chiral phase.

If the compounds according to the invention can occur in tautomericforms, the present invention encompasses all the tautomeric forms.

The present invention also encompasses all suitable isotopic variants ofthe compounds according to the invention. An isotopic variant of acompound of the invention is understood here to mean a compound in whichat least one atom within the compound of the invention has beenexchanged for another atom of the same atomic number, but with adifferent atomic mass from the atomic mass which usually orpredominantly occurs in nature. Examples of isotopes which can beincorporated into a compound of the invention are those of hydrogen,carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine,bromine and iodine, such as ²H (deuterium), ³H (tritium), ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N,¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³²P, ³³P, ³³S, ³⁴S, ³⁵S, ³⁶S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl, ⁸²Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I,¹²⁹I and ¹³¹I. Particular isotopic variants of a compound according tothe invention, especially those in which one or more radioactiveisotopes have been incorporated, may be beneficial, for example, for theexamination of the mechanism of action or of the active ingredientdistribution in the body; due to the comparatively easy preparabilityand detectability, especially compounds labelled with ³H or ¹⁴C isotopesare suitable for this purpose. In addition, the incorporation ofisotopes, for example of deuterium, may lead to particular therapeuticbenefits as a consequence of greater metabolic stability of thecompound, for example an extension of the half-life in the body or areduction in the active dose required, such modifications of thecompounds according to the invention may therefore in some cases alsoconstitute a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Isotopicvariants of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by theprocesses known to those skilled in the art, for example by the methodsdescribed further down and the procedures described in the workingexamples, by using corresponding isotopic modifications of therespective reagents and/or starting materials.

The present invention additionally also encompasses prodrugs of thecompounds according to the invention. The term “prodrugs” in thiscontext refers to compounds which may themselves be biologically activeor inactive but are reacted (for example metabolically orhydrolytically) to give compounds according to the invention duringtheir residence time in the body.

In the context of the present invention, unless specified otherwise, thesubstituents are defined as follows:

In the formulae of the group that R¹ may represent, the end point of theline marked by a * symbol does not represent a carbon atom or a CH₂group but is part of the bond to the respective marked atom to which R¹is attached.

In the context of the present invention, the term “treatment” or“treating” includes inhibition, retardation, checking, alleviating,attenuating, restricting, reducing, suppressing, repelling or healing ofa disease, a condition, a disorder, an injury or a health problem, orthe development, the course or the progression of such states and/or thesymptoms of such states. The term “therapy” is understood here to besynonymous with the term “treatment”.

The terms “prevention”, “prophylaxis” and “preclusion” are usedsynonymously in the context of the present invention and refer to theavoidance or reduction of the risk of contracting, experiencing,suffering from or having a disease, a condition, a disorder, an injuryor a health problem, or a development or advancement of such statesand/or the symptoms of such states.

The treatment or prevention of a disease, a condition, a disorder, aninjury or a health problem may be partial or complete.

-   Preference is given in the context of the present invention to    compounds of the formula (I) in which

R¹ represents a group of the formula

-   -   where    -   * represents the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom,

R² represents methyl,

and the N-oxides, salts, solvates, salts of the N-oxides and solvates ofthe N-oxides and salts thereof.

In the context of the present invention, preference is given to thecompound having the systematic nameent-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)propan-2-yl]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamideand the structural formula

and to its salts, its solvates or the solvates of its salts.

In the context of the present invention, preference is given to thecompound having the systematic namerac-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-N-{2-[2-(difluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl}-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamideand the structural formula

and to its salts, its solvates or the solvates of its salts.

Preference in the context of the present invention is given to thecompound having the systematic nameent-N-[2-amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo-[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(enantiomer A) and the structural formula

and to its salts, its solvates or the solvates of its salts.

Preference in the context of the present invention is given to thecompound having the systematic nameent-N-[2-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(enantiomer A) and the structural formula

and to its salts, its solvates or the solvates of its salts.

Preference in the context of the present invention is given to thecompound having the systematic nameent-N-[2-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(enantiomer B) and the structural formula

and to its salts, its solvates or the solvates of its salts.

The radical definitions mentioned as being preferred apply both to thecompounds of the formula (I) and correspondingly to all intermediates.

The invention furthermore provides a process for preparing the compoundsof the formula (I) according to the invention, characterized in that acompound of the formula (II)

in which R² has the meaning given above and

T¹ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl or benzyl,

is reacted in an inert solvent in the presence of a suitable base oracid to give a carboxylic acid of the formula (III)

in which R² has the definition given above,

and the latter are subsequently reacted, in an inert solvent under amidecoupling conditions, with an amine of the formula (IV-A), (IV-B), (IV-C)or (IV-D)

in which R³ represents an amino protecting group such as, for example,tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or benzyl,

then any protective groups present are detached, and the resultingcompounds of the formula (I) are optionally converted with theappropriate (i) solvents and/or (ii) acids or bases to the solvates,salts and/or solvates of the salts thereof.

The preparation process described can be illustrated by way of exampleby the following synthesis scheme (Scheme 1):

The compounds of the formulae (IV-A), (IV-B), (IV-C) and (IV-D) arecommercially available or known from the literature, or can be preparedin analogy to literature processes.

Inert solvents for the process steps (III)+(IV)→(I) are, for example,ethers such as diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethylether or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, hydrocarbons such as benzene,toluene, xylene, hexane, cyclohexane or mineral oil fractions,halohydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, trichloromethane,tetrachloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene orchlorobenzene, or other solvents such as acetone, ethyl acetate,acetonitrile, pyridine, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) orN-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). It is likewise possible to use mixtures ofthe solvents mentioned. Preference is given to dichloromethane,tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or mixtures of these solvents.

Suitable for use as condensing agents for the amide formation in theprocess steps (III)+(IV)→(I) are, for example, carbodiimides such asN,N′-diethyl-, N,N′-dipropyl-, N,N′-diisopropyl-,N,N′-dicyclohexvlcarbodiimide (DCC) orN-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC),phosgene derivatives such as N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI),1,2-oxazolium compounds such as 2-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2-oxazolium 3-sulfateor 2-tert-butyl-5-methylisoxazolium perchlorate, acylamino compoundssuch as 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline or isobutylchloroformate, propanephosphonic anhydride (T3P),1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop1-ene-1-amine, diethyl cyanophosphonate,bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphoryl chloride,benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate,benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate(PyBOP), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate (TBTU),O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate(HBTU), 2-(2-oxo-1-(2H)-pyridyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate (TPTU),O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU) orO-(1H-6-chlorobenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate (TCTU), optionally in combination with furtherauxiliaries such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) orN-hydroxysuccinimide (HOSu), and also as bases alkali metal carbonates,for example sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate or sodiumbicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate, or organic bases such astrialkylamines, for example triethylamine, N-methylmorpholine,N-methylpiperidine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine. Preference is given tousing TBTU in combination with N-methylmorpholine, HATU in combinationwith N,N-diisopropylethylamine or1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine.

The condensation (III)+(IV)→(I) is generally conducted within atemperature range from −20° C. to +100° C., preferably at 0° C. to +60°C. The conversion can be effected at standard, elevated or reducedpressure (for example from 0.5 to 5 bar). In general, standard pressurepressure is employed.

Alternatively, the carboxylic acid of the formula (III) can also firstbe converted to the corresponding carbonyl chloride and the latter canthen be converted directly or in a separate reaction with an amine ofthe formula (IV) to the compounds of the invention. The formation ofcarbonyl chlorides from carboxylic acids is carried out by the methodsknown to those skilled in the art, for example by treatment with thionylchloride, sulfuryl chloride or oxalyl chloride, in the presence of asuitable base, for example in the presence of pyridine, and optionallywith addition of dimethylformamide, optionally in a suitable inertsolvent.

The hydrolysis of the ester group T¹ in the compounds of the formula(II) is carried out by customary methods, by treating the esters ininert solvents with acids or bases, in which latter case the saltsformed at first are converted to the free carboxylic acids by treatingwith acid. In the case of the tert-butyl esters, the ester hydrolysis ispreferably effected with acids. In the case of the benzyl esters, theester cleavage is preferably carried out by hydrogenolysis withpalladium on activated carbon or Raney nickel. Suitable inert solventsfor this reaction are water or the organic solvents customary for esterhydrolysis. These preferably include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol,n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol, or ethers such asdiethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane orglycol dimethyl ether, or other solvents such as acetone,dichloromethane, dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. It is equallypossible to use mixtures of the solvents mentioned. In the case of abasic ester hydrolysis, preference is given to using mixtures of waterwith dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methanol and/or ethanol.

Suitable bases for the ester hydrolysis are the customary inorganicbases. These preferably include alkali metal or alkaline earth metalhydroxides, for example sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide or barium hydroxide, or alkali metal or alkaline earth metalcarbonates, such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or calciumcarbonate. Particular preference is given to sodium hydroxide or lithiumhydroxide.

Suitable acids for the ester hydrolysis are generally sulfuric acid,hydrogen chloride/

hydrochloric acid, hydrogen bromide/hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid,acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonicacid or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof, optionallywith addition of water. Preference is given to hydrogen chloride ortrifluoroacetic acid in the case of the tert-butyl esters and tohydrochloric acid in the case of the methyl esters.

The ester hydrolysis is generally carried out within a temperature rangefrom 0° C. to +100° C., preferably at +0° C. to +50° C.

These conversions can be performed at atmospheric, elevated or reducedpressure (for example from 0.5 to 5 bar). In general, standard pressureis employed in each case.

The amino protecting group used is preferably tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)or benzyloxycarbonyl (Z). The protecting group used for a hydroxy orcarboxyl function is preferably tert-butyl or benzyl. These protectivegroups are detached by customary methods, preferably by reaction with astrong acid such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide ortrifluoroacetic acid in an inert solvent such as dioxane, diethyl ether,dichloromethane or acetic acid; it is optionally also possible to effectthe detachment without an additional inert solvent. In the case ofbenzyl and benzyloxycarbonyl as protective groups, these may also beremoved by hydrogenolysis in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Thedetachment of the protective groups mentioned can optionally beundertaken simultaneously in a one-pot reaction or in separate reactionsteps.

The compounds of the formula (II) are known from the literature or canbe prepared by

[A] reacting a compound of the formula (V)

in an inert solvent in the presence of a suitable base with a compoundof the formula (VI)

in which

-   X¹ represents a suitable leaving group, in particular chlorine,    bromine, iodine, mesylate, triflate or tosylate,

to give a compound of the formula (VII)

then converting the latter with 0-(2-mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine(MSH) into a compound (VIII)

and then reacting this in an inert solvent with a compound of theformula (IX)

in which T¹ and R² have the meanings given above,

or

[B] converting a compound of the formula (X)

with O-(2-mesitylenesulphonyl)hydroxylamine (MSH) into a compound (XI)

then reacting this in an inert solvent with a compound of the formula(IX)

in which T¹ and R² have the meaning given above, to give a compound(XII)

in which R² has the meaning given above and

T¹ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl or benzyl,

subsequently detaching the benzyl group therefrom by the methods knownto those skilled in the art and reacting the resulting compound (XIII)

in which R² has the meaning given above and

T¹ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl or benzyl,

in an inert solvent under Mitsunobu conditions with a compound of theformula (XIV)

The processes described are illustrated by way of example by the schemesbelow (Schemes 2 to 3):

Inert solvents for the process step (V)+(VI)→(VII) are, for example,ethers such as diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,dimethoxymethane, glycol dimethyl ether or diethylene glycol dimethylether, or other solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylacetate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide,dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU),N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). It is equally possible to use mixtures of thesolvents mentioned. Preference is given to using dimethoxyethane.

Suitable bases for the process step (V)+(VI)→(VII) are the customaryinorganic or organic bases. These preferably include alkali metalhydroxides, for example lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassiumhydroxide, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates such aslithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calciumcarbonate or caesium carbonate, optionally with addition of an alkalimetal iodide, for example sodium iodide or potassium iodide, alkalimetal alkoxides such as sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide, sodiumethoxide or potassium ethoxide or sodium or potassium tert-butoxide,alkali metal hydrides such as sodium hydride or potassium hydride,amides such as sodium amide, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide orpotassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide or lithium diisopropylamide, ororganic amines such as triethylamine, N-methylmorpholine,N-methylpiperidine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, pyridine,4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene(DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) or1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Preference is given to usingsodium tert-butoxide or potassium tert-butoxide.

The reaction is generally carried out within a temperature range from 0°C. to +120° C., preferably at +20° C. to +80° C., optionally in amicrowave. The reaction can be conducted at standard, elevated orreduced pressure (for example from 0.5 to 5 bar).

Inert solvents for the process step (VII)-(VIII) are, for example,dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, or other solvents such as acetone,methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea(DMPU), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). It is equally possible to usemixtures of the solvents mentioned. Preference is given to usingdichloromethane.

The reaction is generally carried out in a temperature range of from 0°C. to +120° C., preferably at +20° C. to +80° C. The reaction can beperformed at atmospheric, elevated or reduced pressure (for example from0.5 to 5 bar).

Inert solvents for the ring closure to give the imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinebase skeleton (VIII)+(IX)→(II) are the customary organic solvents. Thesepreferably include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol,isopropanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol or tert-butanol, or ethers such asdiethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane orglycol dimethyl ether, or other solvents such as acetone,dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide ordimethyl sulfoxide. It is equally possible to use mixtures of thesolvents mentioned. Preference is given to using ethanol.

The ring closure is generally carried out within a temperature rangefrom +50° C. to +150° C., preferably at +50° C. to +100° C., optionallyin a microwave.

The ring closure (VIII)+(IX)→(II) is optionally effected in the presenceof dehydrating reaction additives, for example in the presence ofmolecular sieve (pore size 3 Å or 4 Å) or by means of a water separator.The reaction (VIII)+(IX)→(II) is carried out using an excess of thereagent of the formula (VIII), for example with 1 to 20 equivalents ofthe reagent (VIII), optionally with addition of bases (for examplesodium bicarbonate), in which case the addition of this reagent can takeplace all at once or in several portions.

The removal of the benzyl group in the reaction step (XII)→(XIII) iscarried out here by customary methods known from protecting groupchemistry, preferably by hydrogenolysis in the presence of a palladiumcatalyst, for example palladium on activated carbon, in an inertsolvent, for example ethanol or ethyl acetate [see also, for example, T.W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,Wiley, New York, 1999].

The Mitsunobu condensation (XIII)+(XIV)→(II) is effected in the presenceof an activating reagent, for example diethyl(E)-diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate (DEAD) or diisopropyl(E)-diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate (DIAD), and of a phosphine reagent, e.g.triphenylphosphine or tributylphosphine, in an inert solvent, e.g. THF,dichloromethane, toluene or DMF, at a temperature between 0° C. and theboiling point of the solvent used.

The compounds of the invention have valuable pharmacological propertiesand can be used for prevention and treatment of diseases in humans andanimals. The compounds of the invention offer a further treatmentalternative and thus enlarge the field of pharmacy.

The compounds according to the invention act as potent stimulators ofsoluble guanylate cyclase, have valuable pharmacological properties andhave an improved therapeutic profile, for example with respect to the invivo properties thereof and/or the pharmacokinetic characteristicsand/or metabolic profile thereof. They are therefore suitable for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases in humans and animals.

The compounds of the invention bring about vasorelaxation and inhibitionof platelet aggregation, and lead to a decrease in blood pressure and toa rise in coronary blood flow. These effects are mediated by a directstimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase and an intracellular rise incGMP. Moreover, the compound according to the invention enhances theeffect of substances increasing the cGMP concentration, such as, forexample, EDRF (endothelium-derived relaxing factor), NO donors,protoporphyrin IX, arachidonic acid or phenylhydrazine derivatives.

The compounds of the invention are suitable for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of cardiovascular, pulmonary, thromboembolic and fibroticdisorders.

Accordingly, the compounds according to the invention can be used inmedicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of cardiovasculardisorders such as, for example, elevated blood pressure (hypertension),resistant hypertension, acute and chronic heart failure, coronary heartdisease, stable and unstable angina pectoris, peripheral and cardiacvascular disorders, arrhythmias, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias andimpaired conduction such as, for example, atrioventricular blocksdegrees I-III (AB block I-III), supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, atrialfibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular fibrillation, ventricularflutter, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, Torsade de pointes tachycardia,atrial and ventricular extrasystoles, AV-junctional extrasystoles, sicksinus syndrome, syncopes, AV-nodal re-entry tachycardia,Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, of acute coronary syndrome (ACS),autoimmune cardiac disorders (pericarditis, endocarditis, valvolitis,aortitis, cardiomyopathies), shock such as cardiogenic shock, septicshock and anaphylactic shock, aneurysms, boxer cardiomyopathy (prematureventricular contraction (PVC)), for the treatment and/or prophylaxis ofthromboembolic disorders and ischaemias such as myocardial ischaemia,myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, transient andischaemic attacks, preeclampsia, inflammatory cardiovascular disorders,spasms of the coronary arteries and peripheral arteries, oedemaformation such as, for example, pulmonary oedema, cerebral oedema, renaloedema or oedema caused by heart failure, peripheral circulatorydisturbances, reperfusion damage, arterial and venous thromboses,microalbuminuria, myocardial insufficiency, endothelial dysfunction, toprevent restenoses, for example after thrombolysis therapies,percutaneous transluminal angioplasties (PTA), transluminal coronaryangioplasties (PTCA), heart transplants and bypass operations, and alsomicro- and macrovascular damage (vasculitis), increased levels offibrinogen and of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increasedconcentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and alsofor the treatment and/or prophylaxis of erectile dysfunction and femalesexual dysfunction.

In the context of the present invention, the term “heart failure”encompasses both acute and chronic manifestations of heart failure, andalso more specific or related types of disease, such as acutedecompensated heart failure, right heart failure, left heart failure,global failure, ischaemic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy,hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, congenital heartdefects, heart failure associated with heart valve defects, mitral valvestenosis, mitral valve insufficiency, aortic valve stenosis, aorticvalve insufficiency, tricuspid valve stenosis, tricuspid valveinsufficiency, pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary valve insufficiency,combined heart valve defects, myocardial inflammation (myocarditis),chronic myocarditis, acute myocarditis, viral myocarditis, diabeticheart failure, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, cardiac storage disorders,diastolic heart failure and systolic heart failure and acute phases ofworsening of existing chronic heart failure (worsening heart failure).

In addition, the compound according to the invention can also be usedfor the treatment and/or prophylaxis of arteriosclerosis, impaired lipidmetabolism, hypolipoproteinaemias, dyslipidaemias,hypertriglyceridaemias, hyperlipidaemias, hypercholesterolaemias,abetalipoproteinacmia, sitosterolaemia, xanthomatosis, Tangier disease,adiposity, obesity and of combined hyperlipidaemias and metabolicsyndrome.

The compounds of the invention can also be used for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon,microcirculation impairments, claudication, peripheral and autonomicneuropathies, diabetic microangiopathies, diabetic retinopathy, diabeticulcers on the extremities, gangrene, CREST syndrome, erythematosis,onychomycosis, rheumatic disorders and for promoting wound healing.

The compounds according to the invention are furthermore suitable fortreating urological disorders such as, for example, benign prostatesyndrome (BPS), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), benign prostateenlargement (BPE), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), lower urinary tractsyndromes (LUTS, including Feline Urological Syndrome (FUS)), disordersof the urogenital system including neurogenic over-active bladder (OAB)and (IC), incontinence (UI) such as, for example, mixed urinaryincontinence, urge urinary incontinence, stress urinary incontinence oroverflow urinary incontinence (MUI, UUI, SUI, OUI), pelvic pain, benignand malignant disorders of the organs of the male and female urogenitalsystem.

The compounds of the invention are also suitable for the treatmentand/or prophylaxis of kidney disorders, in particular of acute andchronic renal insufficiency and acute and chronic renal failure. In thecontext of the present invention, the term “renal insufficiency”encompasses both acute and chronic manifestations of renalinsufficiency, and also underlying or related renal disorders such asrenal hypoperfusion, intradialytic hypotension, obstructive uropathy,glomerulopathies, glomerulonephritis, acute glomerulonephritis,glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial diseases, nephropathic disorderssuch as primary and congenital kidney disease, nephritis, immunologicalkidney disorders such as kidney transplant rejection andimmunocomplex-induced kidney disorders, nephropathy induced by toxicsubstances, nephropathy induced by contrast agents, diabetic andnon-diabetic nephropathy, pyelonephritis, renal cysts, nephrosclerosis,hypertensive nephrosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome which can becharacterized diagnostically, for example by abnormally reducedcreatinine and/or water excretion, abnormally elevated bloodconcentrations of urea, nitrogen, potassium and/or creatinine, alteredactivity of renal enzymes, for example glutamyl synthetase, alteredurine osmolarity or urine volume, elevated microalbuminuria,macroalbuminuria, lesions on glomerulae and arterioles, tubulardilatation, hyperphosphatemia and/or need for dialysis. The presentinvention also encompasses the use of the compounds of the invention forthe treatment and/or prophylaxis of sequelae of renal insufficiency, forexample pulmonary edema, heart failure, uremia, anemia, electrolytedisorders (for example hyperkalemia, hyponatremia) and disorders in boneand carbohydrate metabolism.

In addition, the compounds of the invention are also suitable for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of asthmatic disorders, pulmonary arterialhypertension (PAH) and other forms of pulmonary hypertension (PH)including left-heart disease-, HIV-, sickle cell anaemia-,thromboembolism-(CTEPH), sarcoidosis-, COPD- or pulmonaryfibrosis-associated pulmonary hypertension, chronic-obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),acute lung injury (ALI), alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD),pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary emphysema (for example pulmonary emphysemainduced by cigarette smoke) and cystic fibrosis (CF).

The compounds described in the present invention are also activecompounds for control of central nervous system disorders characterizedby disturbances of the NO/cGMP system. They are suitable in particularfor improving perception, concentration, learning or memory aftercognitive impairments like those occurring in particular in associationwith situations/diseases/syndromes such as mild cognitive impairment,age-associated learning and memory impairments, age-associated memorylosses, vascular dementia, craniocerebral trauma, stroke, dementiaoccurring after strokes (post-stroke dementia), post-traumaticcraniocerebral trauma, general concentration impairments, concentrationimpairments in children with learning and memory problems, Alzheimer'sdisease, Lewy body dementia, dementia with degeneration of the frontallobes including Pick's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, progressivenuclear palsy, dementia with corticobasal degeneration, amyolateralsclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, demyelinization, multiplesclerosis, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeldt-Jakob dementia, HIVdementia, schizophrenia with dementia or Korsakoff's psychosis. They arealso suitable for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of central nervoussystem disorders such as states of anxiety, tension and depression,CNS-related sexual dysfunctions and sleep disturbances, and forcontrolling pathological disturbances of the intake of food, stimulantsand addictive substances.

In addition, the compounds of the invention are also suitable forcontrolling cerebral blood flow and are effective agents for controllingmigraine. They are also suitable for the prophylaxis and control ofsequelae of cerebral infarct (Apoplexia cerebri) such as stroke,cerebral ischemias and skull-brain trauma. The compounds of theinvention can likewise be used for controlling states of pain andtinnitus.

In addition, the compounds of the invention have anti-inflammatoryaction and can therefore be used as anti-inflammatory agents for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of sepsis (SIRS), multiple organ failure(MODS, MOF), inflammatory disorders of the kidney, chronic intestinalinflammations (IBD, Crohn's disease, UC), pancreatitis, peritonitis,rheumatoid disorders, inflammatory skin disorders and inflammatory eyedisorders.

Furthermore, the compounds of the invention can also be used for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases.

The compounds of the invention are also suitable for the treatmentand/or prophylaxis of fibrotic disorders of the internal organs, forexample the lung, the heart, the kidney, the bone marrow and inparticular the liver, and also dermatological fibroses and fibrotic eyedisorders. In the context of the present inventions, the term fibroticdisorders includes in particular the following terms: hepatic fibrosis,cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis,nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, interstitial renal fibrosis, fibroticdamage resulting from diabetes, bone marrow fibrosis and similarfibrotic disorders, scleroderma, morphea, keloids, hypertrophic scarring(also following surgical procedures), naevi, diabetic retinopathy,proliferative vitroretinopathy and disorders of the connective tissue(for example sarcoidosis).

The compounds of the invention are also suitable for controllingpostoperative scarring, for example as a result of glaucoma operations.

The compounds of the invention can also be used cosmetically for ageingand keratinizing skin.

Moreover, the compounds according to the invention are suitable for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of hepatitis, neoplasms, osteoporosis,glaucoma and gastroparesis.

The present invention further provides for the use of the compounds ofthe invention for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of disorders,especially the disorders mentioned above.

The present invention further provides for the use of the compounds ofthe invention for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure,angina pectoris, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemias,vascular disorders, renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders,fibrotic disorders, arteriosclerosis, dementia disorders and erectiledysfunction.

The present invention further provides the compounds of the inventionfor use in a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of heartfailure, angina pectoris, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension,ischaemias, vascular disorders, renal insufficiency, thromboembolicdisorders, fibrotic disorders and arteriosclerosis.

The present invention further provides for the use of the compounds ofthe invention for production of a medicament for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of disorders, especially the disorders mentioned above.

The present invention further provides for the use of the compounds ofthe invention for preparing a medicament for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris, hypertension, pulmonaryhypertension, ischemias, vascular disorders, renal insufficiency,thromboembolic disorders, fibrotic disorders, arteriosclerosis, dementiadisorders and erectile dysfunction.

The present invention further provides a method for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of disorders, in particular the disorders mentioned above,using an effective amount of at least one of the compounds of theinvention.

The present invention further provides a method for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris, hypertension, pulmonaryhypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders, renal insufficiency,thromboembolic disorders, fibrotic disorders and arteriosclerosis usingan effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the invention.

The compounds according to the invention can be used alone or, ifrequired, in combination with other active ingredients. The presentinvention further provides medicaments comprising at least one of thecompounds of the invention and one or more further active compounds,especially for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of the aforementioneddisorders. Preferred examples of suitable combination active ingredientsinclude:

-   -   organic nitrates and NO donors, for example sodium        nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate, isosorbide        dinitrate, molsidomine or SIN-1, and inhaled NO;    -   compounds which inhibit the breakdown of cyclic guanosine        monophosphate (cGMP), for example inhibitors of        phosphodiesterases (PDE) 1, 2 and/or 5, especially PDE 5        inhibitors such as sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil;    -   antithrombotic agents, by way of example and with preference        from the group of the platelet aggregation inhibitors, the        anticoagulants or the profibrinolytic substances,    -   hypotensive active compounds, by way of example and with        preference from the group of the calcium antagonists,        angiotensin AH antagonists, ACE inhibitors, endothelin        antagonists, renin inhibitors, alpha-receptor blockers,        beta-receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists,        and the diuretics; and/or    -   active compounds altering lipid metabolism, by way of example        and with preference from the group of the thyroid receptor        agonists, cholesterol synthesis inhibitors such as, by way of        example and preferably, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or squalene        synthesis inhibitors, the ACAT inhibitors, CETP inhibitors, MTP        inhibitors, PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma and/or PPAR-delta agonists,        cholesterol absorption inhibitors, lipase inhibitors, polymeric        bile acid adsorbents, bile acid reabsorption inhibitors and        lipoprotein(a) antagonists.

Antithrombotic agents are preferably understood to mean compounds fromthe group of the platelet aggregation inhibitors, the anticoagulants orthe profibrinolytic substances.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a platelet aggregationinhibitor, by way of example and with preference aspirin, clopidogrel,ticlopidine or dipyridamole.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a thrombin inhibitor, byway of example and with preference ximelagatran, dabigatran, melagatran,bivalirudin or clexane.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist,by way of example and with preference tirofiban or abciximab.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds according tothe invention are administered in combination with a factor Xainhibitor, by way of example and with preference rivaroxaban (BAY59-7939), edoxaban (DU-176b), apixaban, otamixaban, fidexaban,razaxaban, fondaparinux, idraparinux, PMD-3112, YM-150, KFA-1982,EMD-503982, MCM-17, MLN-1021, DX 9065a, DPC 906, JTV 803, SSR-126512 orSSR-128428.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with heparin or with a lowmolecular weight (LMW) heparin derivative.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a vitamin K antagonist,by way of example and with preference coumarin.

Hypotensive agents are preferably understood to mean compounds from thegroup of the calcium antagonists, angiotensin AII antagonists, ACEinhibitors, endothelin antagonists, renin inhibitors, alpha-receptorblockers, beta-receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptorantagonists, and the diuretics.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a calcium antagonist, byway of example and with preference nifedipine, amlodipine, verapamil ordiltiazem.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with an alpha-1-receptorblocker, by way of example and with preference prazosin.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a beta-receptor blocker,by way of example and with preference propranolol, atenolol, timolol,pindolol, alprenolol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, bupranolol, metipranolol,nadolol, mepindolol, carazalol, sotalol, metoprolol, betaxolol,celiprolol, bisoprolol, cartcolol, esmolol, labetalol, carvedilol,adaprolol, landiolol, nebivolol, epanolol or bucindolol.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with an angiotensin AIIantagonist, by way of example and with preference losartan, candesartan,valsartan, telmisartan, embursartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, eprosartanor azilsartan or a dual angiotensin AII antagonist/NEP inhibitor, forexample and with preference LCZ696 (valsartan/sacubitril).

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with an ACE inhibitor, by wayof example and with preference enalapril, captopril, lisinopril,ramipril, delapril, fosinopril, quinopril, perindopril or trandopril.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with an endothelin antagonist,by way of example and with preference bosentan, darusentan, ambrisentanor sitaxsentan.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a renin inhibitor, by wayof example and with preference aliskiren, SPP-600 or SPP-800.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a mineralocorticoidreceptor antagonist, by way of example and with preferencespironolactone or eplerenone.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a loop diuretic, forexample furosemide, torasemide, bumetanide and piretanide, withpotassium-sparing diuretics, for example amiloride and triamterene, withaldosterone antagonists, for example spironolactone, potassiumcanrenoate and eplerenone, and also thiazide diuretics, for examplehydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, xipamide and indapamide.

Lipid metabolism modifiers are preferably understood to mean compoundsfrom the group of the CETP inhibitors, thyroid receptor agonists,cholesterol synthesis inhibitors such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors orsqualene synthesis inhibitors, the ACAT inhibitors, MTP inhibitors,PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma and/or PPAR-delta agonists, cholesterolabsorption inhibitors, polymeric bile acid adsorbers, bile acidreabsorption inhibitors, lipase inhibitors and the lipoprotein(a)antagonists.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a CETP inhibitor, by wayof example and with preference dalcetrapib, BAY 60-5521, anacetrapib orCETP vaccine (CETi-1).

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a thyroid receptoragonist, by way of example and with preference D-thyroxine,3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), CGS 23425 or axitirome (CGS 26214).

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with an HMG-CoA reductaseinhibitor from the class of statins, by way of example and withpreference lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin,atorvastatin, rosuvastatin or pitavastatin.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a squalene synthesisinhibitor, by way of example and with preference BMS-188494 or TAK-475.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with an ACAT inhibitor, by wayof example and with preference avasimibe, melinamide, pactimibe,eflucimibe or SMP-797.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with an MTP inhibitor, by wayof example and with preference implitapide, BMS-201038, R-103757 orJTT-130.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a PPAR-gamma agonist, byway of example and with preference pioglitazone or rosiglitazone.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a PPAR-delta agonist, byway of example and with preference GW 501516 or BAY 68-5042.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a cholesterol absorptioninhibitor, by way of example and with preference ezetimibe, tiqueside orpamaqueside.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a lipase inhibitor, byway of example and with preference orlistat.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a polymeric bile acidadsorber, by way of example and with preference cholestyramine,colestipol, colesolvam, CholestaGel or colestimide.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a bile acid reabsorptioninhibitor, by way of example and with preference ASBT (=IBAT)inhibitors, for example AZD-7806, S-8921, AK-105, BARI-1741, SC-435 orSC-635.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds of theinvention are administered in combination with a lipoprotein(a)antagonist, by way of example and with preference gemcabene calcium(CI-1027) or nicotinic acid.

The present invention further provides medicaments which comprise atleast one compound of the invention, typically together with one or moreinert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients, and for the usethereof for the aforementioned purposes.

The compounds of the invention can act systemically and/or locally. Forthis purpose, they can be administered in a suitable manner, for exampleby the oral, parenteral, pulmonal, nasal, sublingual, lingual, buccal,rectal, dermal, transdermal, conjunctival or otic route, or as animplant or stent.

The compounds of the invention can be administered in administrationforms suitable for these administration routes.

Suitable administration forms for oral administration are those whichwork according to the prior art and release the compounds of theinvention rapidly and/or in a modified manner and which contain thecompounds of the invention in crystalline and/or amorphized and/ordissolved form, for example tablets (uncoated or coated tablets, forexample with gastric juice-resistant or retarded-dissolution orinsoluble coatings which control the release of the compound of theinvention), tablets or films/oblates which disintegrate rapidly in theoral cavity, films/lyophilizates, capsules (for example hard or softgelatin capsules), sugar-coated tablets, granules, pellets, powders,emulsions, suspensions, aerosols or solutions.

Parenteral administration can be accomplished with avoidance of aresorption step (for example by an intravenous, intraarterial,intracardiac, intraspinal or intralumbar route) or with inclusion of aresorption (for example by an intramuscular, subcutaneous,intracutaneous, percutaneous or intraperitoneal route). Administrationforms suitable for parenteral administration include preparations forinjection and infusion in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions,lyophilizates or sterile powders.

For the other administration routes, suitable examples are inhalablemedicament forms (including powder inhalers, nebulizers), nasal drops,solutions or sprays, tablets, films/oblates or capsules for lingual,sublingual or buccal administration, suppositories, ear or eyepreparations, vaginal capsules, aqueous suspensions (lotions, shakingmixtures), lipophilic suspensions, ointments, creams, transdermaltherapeutic systems (e.g. patches), milk, pastes, foams, sprinklingpowders, implants or stents.

Preference is given to oral or parenteral administration, especiallyoral administration.

The compounds of the invention can be converted to the administrationforms mentioned. This can be accomplished in a manner known per se bymixing with inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable auxiliaries.These excipients include carriers (for example microcrystallinecellulose, lactose, mannitol), solvents (e.g. liquid polyethyleneglycols), emulsifiers and dispersing or wetting agents (for examplesodium dodecylsulfate, polyoxysorbitan oleate), binders (for examplepolyvinylpyrrolidone), synthetic and natural polymers (for examplealbumin), stabilizers (e.g. antioxidants, for example ascorbic acid),colourants (e.g. inorganic pigments, for example iron oxides) andflavour and/or odour correctors.

In general, it has been found to be advantageous in the case ofparenteral administration to administer amounts of about 0.001 to 1mg/kg, preferably about 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg, of body weight to achieveeffective results. In the case of oral administration, the dose is about0.001 to 2 mg/kg, preferably about 0.001 to 1 mg/kg, of body weight.

It may nevertheless be necessary in some cases to deviate from thestated amounts, specifically as a function of body weight, route ofadministration, individual response to the active ingredient, nature ofthe preparation and time or interval over which administration takesplace. Thus in some cases it may be sufficient to manage with less thanthe abovementioned minimum amount, while in other cases the upper limitmentioned must be exceeded. In the case of administration of greateramounts, it may be advisable to divide them into several individualdoses over the day.

The working examples which follow illustrate the invention.

Unless stated otherwise, the percentages in the tests and examples whichfollow are percentages by weight; parts are parts by weight. Solventratios, dilution ratios and concentration data for liquid/liquidsolutions are based in each case on volume.

A. EXAMPLES

Abbreviations

-   abs. absolute (=dried)-   aq. aqueous solution-   calc. calculated-   Boc tert-butyloxycarbonyl-   br. broad signal (NMR coupling pattern)-   CAS No. Chemical Abstracts Service number-   Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl-   δ shift in the NMR spectrum (stated in ppm)-   d doublet (NMR coupling pattern)-   TLC thin layer chromatography-   DCI direct chemical ionization (in MS)-   DMAP 4-N N-dimethylaminopyridine-   DMF dimethylfonnamide-   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide-   EDCI N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N′-ethylcarbodiimide-   ent enantiomerically pure-   eq. equivalent(s)-   ESI electrospray ionization (in MS)-   Et ethyl-   h hour(s)-   HATU    N-[(dimethylamino)(3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]-pyridine-3-yloxy)methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium    hexafluorophosphate-   HOBT 1H-benzotriazol-1-ol-   HPLC high-pressure, high-performance liquid chromatography-   HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry-   ID internal diameter-   cone. concentrated-   LC-MS liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry-   LiHMDS lithium hexamethyldisilazide-   m multiplet-   Me methyl-   min minute(s)-   MS mass spectrometry-   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry-   PDA photodiode array detector-   Pd₂dba₃ tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium-   Ph phenyl-   q quartet (NMR coupling pattern)-   quint. quintet (NMR coupling pattern)-   rac racemic-   rel relative stereochemistry-   R_(F) retention factor (in thin-layer chromatography)-   RT room temperature-   R_(t) retention time (in HPLC)-   s singlet (NMR coupling pattern)-   t triplet (NMR coupling pattern)-   THF tetrahydrofuran-   TBTU (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)bisdimethylaminomethylium fluoroborate-   UPLC-MS ultra-pressure liquid chromatography-coupled mass    spectrometry-   UV ultraviolet spectrometry-   v/v volume to volume ratio (of a solution)-   Xantphos 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene-   XPHOS dicyclohexyl(2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine

LC-MS and HPLC Methods:

Method 1 (LC-MS):

Instrument: Micromass Quattro Premier with Waters UPLC Acquity; column:Thermo Hypersil GOLD 1.9μ 50×1 mm; mobile phase A: 1 l of water+0.5 mlof 50% strength formic acid; mobile phase B: 1 l of acetonitrile+0.5 mlof 50% strength formic acid; gradient: 0.0 min 90% A→0.1 min 90% A→1.5min 10% A→2.2 min 10% A; oven: 50° C.; flow rate: 0.33 ml/min; UVdetection: 210 nm

Method 2 (LC-MS):

Instrument: Waters ACQUITY SQD UPLC System; column: Waters Acquity UPLCHSS T3 1.8μ 50×1 mm; mobile phase A: 1 l of water+0.25 ml of 99%strength formic acid; mobile phase B: 1 l of acetonitrile+0.25 ml of 99%strength formic acid; gradient: 0.0 min 90% A→1.2 min 5% A→2.0 min 5% A;oven: 50° C.; flow rate: 0.40 ml/min; UV detection: 210-400 nm.

Method 3 (LC-MS):

Instrument: Micromass Quattro Premier with Waters UPLC Acquity; column:Thermo Hypersil GOLD 1.9μ 50×1 mm; mobile phase A: 1 l of water+0.5 mlof 50% strength formic acid; mobile phase B: 1 l of acetonitrile+0.5 mlof 50% strength formic acid; gradient: 0.0 min 97% A→0.5 min 97% A→3.2min 5% A→4.0 min 5% A; oven: 50° C.; flow rate: 0.3 ml/min; UVdetection: 210 nm.

Method 4 (Preparative HPLC):

Chromatorex C18 10μ 250×20 mm gradient: A=water+0.5% formic acid,B=acetonitrile, 0 min=5% B, 3 min=5% B pre-rinse without substance, theninjection, 5 min=5% B, 25 min=30% B, 38 min=30% B, 38.1 min=95% B, 43.00min=95% B, 43.01 min=5% B, 48.0 min=5% B; flow rate 20 ml/min,wavelength 210 nm.

Method 5 (Preparative HPLC):

Chromatorex C18 10μ 250×20 mm gradient: A=water+0. 5% formic acid,B=acetonitrile, 0 min=5% B, 3 min=5% B pre-rinse without substance, theninjection, 5 min=5% B, 25 min=50% B, 38 min=50% B, 38.1 min=95% B, 43.00min=95% B, 43.01 min=5% B, 48.0 min=5% B; flow rate 20 ml/min,wavelength 210 nm.

Method 6 (Preparative HPLC):

XBridge Prep. C18 5μ 50×19 mm gradient: A=water+0.5% ammonium hydroxide,B=acetonitrile, 0 min=5% B, 3 min=5% B pre-rinse without substance, theninjection, 5 min=5% B, 25 min=50% B, 38.0 min=50% B, 38.1 min=95% B,43.00 min=95% B, 43.01 min=5% B, 48.0 min=5% B; flow rate 15 ml/min,wavelength 210 nm.

Method 7 (LC-MS):

MS instrument: Waters (Micromass) QM; HPLC instrument: Agilent 1100series; column: Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C18 3.0×50 mm 3.5 micron; mobilephase A: 1 l of water+0.01 mol of ammonium carbonate, mobile phase B: 1l of acetonitrile; gradient: 0.0 min 98% A→0.2 min 98% A→3.0 min 5%A→4.5 min 5% A; oven: 40° C.; flow rate: 1.75 ml/min; UV detection: 210nm.

Method 8 (LC-MS):

Instrument: Waters ACQUITY SQD UPLC System; column: Waters Acquity UPLCHSS T3 1.8μ 30×2 mm; mobile phase A: 1 l of water+0.25 ml of 99%strength formic acid; mobile phase B: 1 l of acetonitrile+0.25 ml of 99%strength formic acid; gradient: 0.0 min 90% A→1.2 min 5% A→2.0 min 5% A;oven: 50° C.; flow rate: 0.60 ml/min; UV detection: 208-400 nm.

Method 9 (Preparative HPLC):

MS instrument: Waters, HPLC instrument: Waters (column Waters X-BridgeC18, 18 mm×50 mm, 5 μm, eluent A: water+0.05% triethylamine, mobilephase B: acetonitrile (ULC)+0.05% triethylamine, with gradient; flowrate: 40 ml/min; UV detection: DAD; 210-400 nm) or:

MS instrument: Waters, HPLC instrument: Waters (column Phenomenex Luna5μ C18(2) 100A, AXIA Tech. 50×21.2 mm, eluent A: water+0.05% formicacid, mobile phase B: acetonitrile (ULC)+0.05% formic acid, withgradient; flow rate: 40 ml/min; UV detection: DAD; 210-400 nm).

Method 10 (LC-MS):

MS instrument: Waters SQD; HPLC instrument: Waters UPLC; column: ZorbaxSB-Aq (Agilent), 50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; mobile phase A: water+0.025%formic acid, mobile phase B: acetonitrile (ULC)+0.025% formic acid;gradient: 0.0 min 98% A-0.9 min 25% A-1.0 min 5% A-1.4 min 5% A-1.41 min98% A-1.5 min 98% A; oven: 40° C.; flow rate: 0.600 ml/min; UVdetection: DAD; 210 nm.

Method 11 (MS):

Instrument: Waters ZQ 2000; electrospray ionization; mobile phase A: 1 lof water+0.25 ml of 99% strength formic acid; mobile phase B: 1 l ofacetonitrile+0.25 ml of 99% strength formic acid; 25% A, 75% B; flowrate: 0.25 ml/min.

Method 12 (DCI-MS):

Instrument: Thermo Fisher-Scientific DSQ; chemical ionization; reactantgas NH₃; source temperature: 200° C.; ionization energy 70 eV.

Method 13 (LC-MS):

MS instrument: Waters (Micromass) Quattro Micro; HPLC instrument:Agilent 1100 series; column: YMC-Triart C18 3μ 50×3 mm; mobile phase A:1 l of water+0.01 mol of ammonium carbonate, mobile phase B: 1 l ofacetonitrile; gradient: 0.0 min 100% A→2.75 min 5% A→4.5 min 5% A; oven:40° C.; flow rate: 1.25 ml/min; UV detection: 210 nm.

Method 14 (GC-MS):

Instrument: Thermo Scientific DSQII, Thermo Scientific Trace GC Ultra;column: Restek RTX-35MS, 15 m×200 μm×0.33 μm; constant flow rate withhelium: 1.20 ml/min; oven: 60° C.; inlet: 220° C.; gradient: 60° C., 30°C./min→300° C. (maintain for 3.33 min).

Method 15 (LC-MS, Analytical):

Instrument: Agilent MS Quad 6150; HPLC: Agilent 1290; column: WatersAcquity UPLC HSS T3 1.8μ 50×2.1 mm; mobile phase A: 1 l of water+0.25 mlof 99% strength formic acid; mobile phase B: 1 l of acetonitrile+0.25 mlof 99% strength formic acid; gradient: 0.0 min 90% A→0.3 min 90% A→1.7min 5% A→3.0 min 5% A; oven: 50° C.; flow rate: 1.20 ml/min; UVdetection: 205-305 nm.

Method 16 (LC-MS, Analytical):

MS instrument: Waters (Micromass) Quattro Micro; instrument Waters UPLCAcquity; column: Waters BEH C18 1.7μ 50×2.1 mm; mobile phase A: 1 l ofwater+0.01 mol of ammonium formate, mobile phase B: 1 l of acetonitrile;gradient: 0.0 min 95% A→0.1 min 95% A→2.0 min 15% A→2.5 min 15% A→2.51min 10% A→3.0 min 10% A; oven: 40° C.; flow rate: 0.5 ml/min; UVdetection: 210 nm.

Method 17 (LC-MS):

Instrument: Waters ACQUITY SQD UPLC System; column: Waters Acquity UPLCHSS T3 1.8μ 50×1 mm; mobile phase A: 1 l of water+0.25 ml of 99%strength formic acid, mobile phase B: 1 l of acetonitrile+0.25 ml of 99%strength formic acid; gradient: 0.0 min 95% A→6.0 min 5% A→7.5 min 5% A;oven: 50° C.; flow rate: 0.35 ml/min; UV detection: 210-400 nm.

Further Details:

In the case of purifications of compounds of the invention bypreparative HPLC by the above-described methods in which the eluentscontain additives, for example trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid orammonia, the compounds of the invention can be obtained in salt form,for example as trifluoroacetate, formate or ammonium salt, if thecompounds of the invention contain a sufficiently basic or acidicfunctionality. Such a salt can be converted to the corresponding freebase or acid by various methods known to the person skilled in the art.

Thus, the trifluoroacetate, formate or ammonium salts can be convertedinto the salt-free form by extracting an organic solution or suspensionwith saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution.

Furthermore, amidines can be present as free compounds or partially(depending on the preparation if acetic acid is involved) as acetatesalts or acetate solvates.

In the case of the synthesis intermediates and working examples of theinvention described hereinafter, any compound specified in the form of asalt of the corresponding base or acid is generally a salt of unknownexact stoichiometric composition, as obtained by the respectivepreparation and/or purification process. Unless specified in moredetail, additions to names and structural formulae, such as“hydrochloride”. “trifluoroacetate”, “sodium salt” or “x HCl”, “xCF₃COOH”, “x Na⁺” should not therefore be understood in a stoichiometricsense in the case of such salts, but have merely descriptive characterwith regard to the salt-forming components present therein.

This applies correspondingly if synthesis intermediates or workingexamples or salts thereof were obtained in the form of solvates, forexample hydrates, of unknown stoichiometric composition (if they are ofa defined type) by the preparation and/or purification processesdescribed.

Furthermore, the secondary amides according to the invention may bepresent as rotational isomers/isomer mixtures, in particular in NMRstudies. Purity figures are generally based on corresponding peakintegrations in the LC/MS chromatogram, but may additionally also havebeen determined with the aid of the ¹H NMR spectrum. If no purity isindicated, the purity is generally 100% according to automated peakintegration in the LC/MS chromatogram, or the purity has not beendetermined explicitly.

Stated yields in % of theory are generally corrected for purity if apurity of <100% is indicated. In solvent-containing or contaminatedbatches, the formal yield may be “>100%”; in these cases the yield isnot corrected for solvent or purity.

In all ¹H NMR spectra data, the chemical shifts S are stated in ppm.

The multiplicities of proton signals in ¹H NMR spectra reported in theparagraphs which follow represent the signal form observed in each caseand do not take account of any higher-order signal phenomena. Ingeneral, the stated chemical shift refers to the centre of the signal inquestion. In the case of broad multiplets, an interval is given. Signalsobscured by solvent or water were either tentatively assigned or havenot been listed. Significantly broadened signals—caused, for example, byrapid rotation of molecular moieties or because of exchangingprotons—were likewise assigned tentatively (often referred to as a broadmultiplet or broad singlet) or are not listed.

In ¹H NMR spectra, the methyl group of the chemical system“2-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine” appears as a singlet (frequently inDMSO-d₆ and in the range of 2.40-2.60 ppm) and is clearlydistinguishable as such, is superposed by the solvent signals or iscompletely under the signals of the solvents.

Melting points and melting point ranges, if stated, are uncorrected.

All reactants or reagents whose preparation is not described explicitlyhereinafter were purchased commercially from generally accessiblesources. For all other reactants or reagents whose preparation likewiseis not described hereinafter and which were not commercially obtainableor were obtained from sources which are not generally accessible, areference is given to the published literature in which theirpreparation is described.

Starting Compounds and Intermediates Example 1A2-[(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)oxy]-4-methylpyridine

A mixture of 5.00 g (24.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.) of 2,6-difluorobenzyl bromide[CAS No: 85118-00-9] and 3.16 g (29.0 mmol, 1.2 eq.) of2-hydroxy-4-methylpyridine [CAS No: 13466-41-6] was dissolved in 50 mlof THF. 7.99 g (29.0 mmol, 1.2 eq.) of silver carbonate were added tothe solution, and the mixture was heated at reflux with exclusion oflight overnight. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was filtered throughkieselguhr, eluting with ethyl acetate, and the filtrate wasconcentrated. The crude product was purified by means of Biotage Isolera(100 g silica gel cartridge, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient, 0% to10% ethyl acetate). This gave 3.51 g of the title compound (61% oftheory).

TLC (silica gel, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 10:1): R_(F)=0.50

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=1.17 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=236 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=2.26 (s, 3H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 6.66 (s,1H), 6.86 (d, 1H), 7.12-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.56 (m, 1H), 8.06 (d, 1H).

Example 2A 1-Amino-2-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-4-methylpyridinium2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate

A mixture of 3.4 ml (43.9 mmol, 10 eq.) of trifluoroacetic acid and 0.33ml of water was cooled to −5° C. At this temperature, 1.88 g (6.59 mmol,1.5 eq.) of ethyl (1E)-N-[(mesitylsulfonyl)oxy]ethanimidoate [CAS No:38202-27-6] were added a little at a time. After 1.5 h, 30 ml ofice-water were added, the mixture was stirred briefly, and the resultingO-(2-mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine (MSH) was filtered off using aprecooled frit and washed with 30 ml of ice-water. The water-moistO-(2-mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine was dissolved in 12 ml ofdichloromethane, dried with magnesium sulfate and filtered, and thefiltrate was added dropwise directly to a solution of 1.03 g (4.39 mmol,1.0 eq.) of 2-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-4-methylpyridine from Example 1Ain 2 ml of dichloromethane. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight.Subsequently, diethyl ether was added dropwise, and the precipitateobtained was filtered off, washed with diethyl ether and dried. 1.3 g ofthe title compound were isolated (59% of theory, purity 90%).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=2.17 (s, 3H), 2.46-2.57 (s, 3H and s,6H superposed by the solvent signal), 5.64 (s, 2H), 6.74 (s, 2H),7.23-7.48 (m, 4H), 7.60-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.86 (br s, 1H), 8.44 (d, 1H).

Example 3A Ethyl7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylate

1.62 g (3.60 mmol, 1.0 eq.) of1-amino-2-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-4-methylpyridinium2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate from Example 2A were dissolved in 36 mlof DMF, and 0.84 ml (7.19 mmol, 2.0 eq.) of ethyl but-2-ynoate [CAS No:4341-76-8] were added. 0.994 g (7.19 mmol, 2.0 eq.) of potassiumcarbonate was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1.5 h.Subsequently, the mixture was poured onto 150 ml of water and stirredbriefly, and the resulting solid was filtered off, washed with water anddried. This gave 440 mg of the title compound (45% of theory, 87%).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=1.22 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=361 (M+H)⁺

Example 4A7-[(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylicacid

4.9 ml (4.88 mmol, 4.0 eq.) of 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solutionwere added to a solution of 0.440 g (1.22 mmol, 1 eq.) of ethyl7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylatefrom Example 3A in 12.7 ml of dioxane, and the mixture was stirred at90° C. for 36 h. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was concentrated andthe resulting solid was filtered off. The filtrate was acidified with 6N aqueous hydrochloric acid and stirred briefly. The solid formed wasfiltered off, washed with water and dried. This gave 248 mg of the titlecompound (61% of theory, purity 60%), which was converted furtherwithout further purification.

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.96 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=333 (M+H)⁺

Example 5A rac-2-Amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butanonitrile

2.0 g (26.62 mmol) of (4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-one [CAS Registry Number:53389-26-7] were initially charged in 22.3 ml of 2 N ammonia inmethanol, and 1.72 g (35.14 mmol) of sodium cyanide and 1.88 g (35.14mmol) of ammonium chloride were added at room temperature and themixture was stirred under reflux for 4 hours. The reaction mixture wascooled, 40 ml of diethyl ether were added and the solid present wasfiltered off. The solvent was distilled out of the filtrate understandard pressure. 2.75 g of the title compound (51% of theory at apurity of about 50%) were obtained as residue, which was used in thesubsequent stage without further purification.

GC-MS (Method 14): R_(t)=1.66 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=86 (M-CH₃)⁺

Example 6A rac-Benzyl [2-cyano(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate

2.75 g (13.59 mmol at a purity of about 50%) ofrac-2-amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butanonitrile from Example 5A wereinitially charged in 33 ml of tetrahydrofuran/water=9/1, and 5.82 g(42.13 mmol) of potassium carbonate were added. At 0° C., 2.32 g (13.59mmol) of benzyl chloroformate were slowly added dropwise. Then themixture was allowed to warm up gradually to room temperature withstirring, and was stirred at room temperature overnight. The supernatantsolvent was decanted off, the residue was twice stirred with 25 ml eachtime of tetrahydrofuran, and then the supernatant solvent was decantedoff each time. The combined organic phases were concentrated and thecrude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (mobile phasegradient: cyclohexane to cyclohexane/dichloromethane gradient 1/1 to1/2). This gave 2.56 g of the title compound (78% of theory).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.89 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=236 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.51 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.91 (m, 2H), 5.08(s, 2H), 7.28-7.42 (m, 5H), 7.96 (br. s, 1H).

Example 7A ent-Benzyl-[2-cyano(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate(Enantiomer A)

2.56 g of rac-benzyl [2-cyano(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate fromExample 6A were separated into the enantiomers by preparative separationon a chiral phase [column: Daicel Chiralcel OJ-H, 5 μm, 250×20 mm,mobile phase: 70% isohexane, 30% isopropanol, flow rate: 15 ml/min,temperature: 47° C., detection: 220 nm].

Enantiomer A: 1.03 g (>99% ee)

R_(t)=7.11 min [Daicel Chiralcel OJ-H, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm, mobile phase:70% isohexane, 30%, isopropanol, flow rate: 1 ml/min, temperature: 50°C., detection: 220 nm].

Example 8A ent-Benzyl [2-cyano(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate(Enantiomer B)

2.56 g of rac-benzyl [2-cyano(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate fromExample 6A were separated into the enantiomers by preparative separationon a chiral phase [column: Daicel Chiralcel OJ-H, 5 μm, 250×20 mm,mobile phase: 70% isohexane, 30% isopropanol, flow rate: 15 ml/min,temperature: 47° C., detection: 220 nm].

Enantiomer B: 0.99 g (>99% ee)

R_(t)=8.25 min [Daicel Chiralcel OJ-H, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm, mobile phase:70% isohexane, 30% isopropanol, flow rate: 1 ml/min, temperature: 50°C., detection: 220 nm].

Example 9A ent-Benzyl [1-amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate(Enantiomer A)

0.50 g (2.13 mmol) of ent-benzyl [2-cyano(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate(enantiomer A) from Example 7A were dissolved in 10 ml of 7 N ammoniasolution in methanol, and 0.79 g of Raney nickel (50% aqueous slurry)were added under argon. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated in anautoclave at 20-30 bar for 3 h. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough kieselguhr, rinsed with methanol and concentrated. This gave 387mg (75% of theory) of the target compound which was used without furtherpurification for the next step.

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.50 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=240 (M+H)⁺

Example 10A ent-Benzyl [1-amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate(Enantiomer B)

0.50 g (2.13 mmol) of ent-benzyl [2-cyano(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate(enantiomer B) from Example 8A were dissolved in 10 ml of 7 N ammoniasolution in methanol, and 0.79 g of Raney nickel (50% aqueous slurry)were added under argon. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated in anautoclave at 20-30 bar for 3 h. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough kieselguhr, rinsed with methanol and concentrated. This gave 487mg (94% of theory) of the target compound which was used without furtherpurification for the next step.

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.53 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=240 (M+H)⁺

Example 11A rac-2-Amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butanonitrile

13.0 g (90.10 mmol) of 4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-one [commerciallyavailable or synthetically available according to R. Acerete et al.Journal of Organic Chemistry 2011, 76, 10129-10139] were initiallycharged in 25 ml of 7 N ammonia in methanol, 5.83 g (118.93 mmol) ofsodium cyanide and 6.36 g (118.93 mmol) of ammonium chloride were addedat room temperature and the mixture was stirred under reflux for 3hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid present wasfiltered off. The filtrate was used for the next step without furtherpurification.

Example 12A rac-Benzyl [2-cyano-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate

The crude solution ofrac-2-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butanonitrile from Example 11Awas initially charged in 16 ml of water, and 37.36 g (270.35 mmol) ofpotassium carbonate were added. At 0° C., 23.06 g (135.18 mmol) ofbenzyl chloroformate were slowly added dropwise. Then the mixture wasallowed to warm up gradually to room temperature with stirring, and wasstirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filteredand the residue was washed repeatedly with tetrahydrofuran. The filtratewas concentrated and the crude product was purified by silica gelchromatography (mobile phase: cyclohexane/ethyl acetate=9/1). This gave11.60 g of the title compound (42% of theory over two steps).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=1.23 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=305 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=−0.01 (s, 9H), 0.45-0.67 (m, 2H),1.52 (s, 3H), 1.73-1.90 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.52 (m, 2H), 5.08 (s, 2H),7.29-7.44 (m, 5H), 7.94 (br. s, 1H).

Example 13A ent-Benzyl [2-cyano-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate(Enantiomer A)

10.0 g of rac-benzyl [2-cyano-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamatefrom Example 12A were separated into the enantiomers by preparativeseparation on a chiral phase [column: Daicel Chiralpak AY-H, 5 μm,250×20 mm, mobile phase: 15% ethanol, 85% isohexane, flow rate: 20ml/min, temperature: 30° C., detection: 220 nm].

Enantiomer A: 4.19 g (>99% ee)

R_(t)=5.24 min [Daicel Chiralpak AY-H, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm, mobile phase:10% ethanol, 90% isohexane, flow rate: 1 ml/min, temperature: 45° C.,detection: 220 nm].

Example 14A ent-Benzyl [2-cyano-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate(Enantiomer B)

10.0 g of rac-benzyl [2-cyano-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamatefrom Example 12A were separated into the enantiomers by preparativeseparation on a chiral phase [column: Daicel Chiralpak AY-H, 5 μm,250×20 mm, mobile phase: 15% ethanol, 85% isohexane, flow rate: 20ml/min, temperature: 30° C., detection: 220 nm].

Enantiomer B: 4.24 g (>99% ee)

R_(t)=6.89 min [Daicel Chiralpak AY-H, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm, mobile phase:10% ethanol, 90% isohexane, flow rate: 1 ml/min, temperature: 45° C.,detection: 220 nm].

Example 15A ent-Benzyl[1-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate (Enantiomer A)

2.0 g (6.57 mmol) of ent-benzyl[2-cyano-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate (enantiomer A) fromExample 13A were dissolved in 31 ml of 7 N ammonia solution in methanol,and 2.44 g of Raney nickel (50% aqueous slurry) were added under argon.The reaction mixture was hydrogenated in an autoclave at 20-30 bar for 3h. The reaction mixture was filtered through kieselguhr, rinsed withmethanol and concentrated. This gave 1.80 g (87% of theory) of thetarget compound which was used without further purification for the nextstep.

LC-MS (Method 16): R_(t)=1.66 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=309 (M+H)⁺

Example 16A ent-Benzyl[1-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate (Enantiomer B)

2.0 g (6.57 mmol) of ent-benzyl[2-cyano-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate (enantiomer B) fromExample 14A were dissolved in 31 ml of 7 N ammonia solution in methanol,and 2.44 g of Raney nickel (50% aqueous slurry) were added under argon.The reaction mixture was hydrogenated in an autoclave at 20-30 bar for 3h. The reaction mixture was filtered through kieselguhr, rinsed withmethanol and concentrated. This gave 1.72 g (83% of theory) of thetarget compound which was used without further purification for the nextstep.

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.78 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=309 (M+H)⁺

Example 17A ent-Benzyl{1-[({7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl}carbonyl)amino]-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl}carbamate(Enantiomer A)

75 mg (0.19 mmol, purity 84%) of7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylicacid from Example 4A were initially charged together with 87 mg (0.23mmol) of HATU and 0.1 ml (0.57 mmol) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine in0.70 ml of DMF, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10min. Subsequently, 60 mg (0.25 mmol) ofent-benzyl-[1-amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate (enantiomerA) from Example 9A were added to the reaction solution and the mixturewas stirred at RT overnight. Another 23 mg (0.095 mmol) ofent-benzyl-[1-amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl]carbamate (enantiomerA) were added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. 7 ml of waterwere then added to the mixture. The precipitate formed was filtered offand dried under high vacuum. This gave 111 mg of the target compound(80% of theory, purity 76%).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=1.17 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=554 (M+H)⁺

Example 18A ent-Benzyl{1-[({7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl}carbonyl)amino]-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl}carbamatetrifluoroacetate (Enantiomer A)

75 mg (0.19 mmol, purity 84%) of7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylicacid from Example 4A were initially charged together with 94 mg (0.25mmol) of HATU and 99 μl (0.57 mmol) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine in 0.62ml of DMF, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min.Subsequently, 78 mg (0.25 mmol) ofent-benzyl-[1-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate(enantiomer A) from Example 15A were added to the reaction solution andthe mixture was stirred at RT overnight. 7 ml of water were then addedto the mixture. The precipitate formed was filtered off, diluted withacetonitrile and water, TFA was added and the mixture was purified bypreparative HPLC (RPI8 column, mobile phase: acetonitrile/water gradientwith addition of 0.1% TFA). The product fractions were combined andconcentrated. This gave 70 mg of the target compound (50% of theory).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=1.39 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=623 (M-TFA+H)⁺

Example 19A ent-Benzyl{1-[({7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl}carbonyl)amino]-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl}carbamate(Enantiomer B)

75 mg (0.19 mmol, purity 84%) of7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylicacid from Example 4A were initially charged together with 94 mg (0.25mmol) of HATU and 99 μl (0.57 mmol) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine in 0.62ml of DMF, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min.Subsequently, 78 mg (0.25 mmol) ofent-benzyl-[1-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate(enantiomer B) from Example 16A were added to the reaction solution andthe mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. Another 29 mg (0.095 mmol) ofent-benzyl-[1-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl]carbamate(enantiomer B) were added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. 7ml of water were then added to the mixture. The precipitate formed wasfiltered off and dried under high vacuum. This gave 134 mg of the targetcompound (99% of theory, purity 88%).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=1.39 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=623 (M+H)⁺

Example 20Arac-2-Amino-2-[2-(difluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]propan-1-ol

The target compound can be prepared by deprotection of1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-2-[2-(difluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]propane-2-amine(preparable analogously to intermediate 300 in WO2014/084312 fromracemic starting material) using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) inTHF at room temperature, according to methods known from the literature.

WORKING EXAMPLES Example 17-[(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)oxy]-N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)propan-2-yl]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamidetrifluoroacetate

20 mg (0.05 mmol) of7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylicacid from Example 4A were initially charged together with 21 mg (0.06mmol) of HATU and 70 μl (0.40 mmol) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine in 0.2ml of DMF, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min.44 mg (0.15 mmol) of(2S)-2-amino-2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)propan-1-ol (preparableanalogously to intermediate 307 in WO2014/084312) were then added to thereaction solution, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. Themixture was then stirred at 40° C. for 20 min and at 60° C. for 1.5 h.The mixture was then diluted with acetonitrile and water, TFA was addedand the mixture was purified by preparative HPLC (RP18 column, mobilephase: acetonitrile/water gradient with addition of 0.1% TFA). Theproduct fractions were combined and concentrated. This gave 10 mg of thetarget compound (31% of theory).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.89 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=488 (M-TFA+H)+

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.81 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 3H),3.77-3.85 (m, 2H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.35(s, 1H), 7.57-7.67 (m, 2H), [further signal hidden under solvent peak].

Example 2rac-7-[(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)oxy]-N-{2-[2-(difluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl}-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide

40 mg (0.10 mmol) of7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylicacid from Example 4A were initially charged together with 40 mg (0.11mmol) of HATU and 88 μl (0.51 mmol) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine in 0.4ml of DMF, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min.21 mg (0.11 mmol) ofrac-2-amino-2-[2-(difluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]propan-1-ol Example20A were then added to the reaction solution, and the mixture wasstirred at 60° C. for 6 h. The mixture was then diluted withacetonitrile and water, TFA was added and the mixture was purified bypreparative HPLC (RP18 column, mobile phase: acetonitrile/water gradientwith addition of 0.1% TFA). The product fractions were combined andconcentrated. Subsequently, the residue was taken up in dichloromethaneand a little methanol, and washed twice with saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution. The aqueous phase was extracted twice withdichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, concentrated and lyophilized. This gave 40 mg of thetarget compound (74% of theory, purity 95%).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.98 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=508 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.83 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 3.79-3.88 (m,2H), 5.32 (t, 1H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.31(s, 1H), 7.57-7.67 (m, 2H), 8.56 (t, 1H), [further signal hidden undersolvent peak].

Example 3ent-N-[2-Amino-2-methyl(4,4,4,4-²H₃)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(Enantiomer A)

111 mg (0.15 mmol, purity 76%) of ent-benzyl{1-[({7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl}carbonyl)amino]-2-methyl(4,4,4-²H₃)butan-2-yl}carbamate(enantiomer A) from Example 17A were dissolved in 4 ml of ethanol, and59 μl (0.76 mmol) of TFA and 5 mg (0.005 mmol) of 10% palladium onactivated carbon were added under argon and the mixture was hydrogenatedat standard pressure for 3.5 hours. The reaction solution was filteredusing a Millipore filter and washed with ethanol, and the filtrate wasconcentrated using a rotary evaporator. Acetonitrile, water and TFA wereadded to the residue and the product was purified by preparative HPLC(RP18 column, mobile phase: acetonitrile/water gradient with addition of0.1% TFA). The product fractions were combined and concentrated.Subsequently, the residue was taken up in dichloromethane and a littlemethanol, and washed twice with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with dichloromethane.The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated. The residue was purified again by thick-layerchromatography (mobile phase: dichloromethane/2N ammonia inmethanol=15/1). This gave 32 mg of the target compound (50% of theory).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.70 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=420 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.96 (s, 3H), 1.27-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.48 (br.s, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.22 (m, 2H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H),7.20 (t, 1H), 7.23-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.67 (m, 1H),[further signal hidden under solvent peak].

Example 4ent-N-[2-Amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(Enantiomer A)

70 mg (0.09 mmol) of ent-benzyl{1-[({7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl}carbonyl)amino]-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl}carbamatetrifluoroacetate (enantiomer A) from Example 18A were dissolved in 2.5ml of ethanol, and 36 μl (0.47 mmol) of TFA and 3 mg (0.003 mmol) of 10%palladium on activated carbon were added under argon and the mixture washydrogenated at standard pressure for 2 hours. The reaction solution wasfiltered using a Millipore filter and washed with ethanol, and thefiltrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The residue waspurified by thick-layer chromatography (mobile phase: dichloromethane/2Nammonia in methanol=20/1). Subsequently, the residue was taken up indichloromethane and a little methanol, and washed twice with saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous phase was extractedtwice with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried oversodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. This gave 30 mg of the targetcompound (65% of theory).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.87 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=489 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=−0.04 (s, 9H), 0.43-0.57 (m, 2H), 0.96 (s,3H), 1.25-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.85 (br. s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 3.16-3.23 (m,2H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 7.21 (t, 1H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.38(s, 1H), 7.58-7.67 (m, 1H), [further signal hidden under solvent peak].

Example 5ent-N-[2-Amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(Enantiomer B)

134 mg (0.19 mmol, purity 88%) of ent-benzyl{1-[({7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl}carbonyl)amino]-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butan-2-yl}carbamate(enantiomer B) from Example 19A were dissolved in 5 ml of ethanol, and73 μl (0.95 mmol) of TFA and 6 mg (0.006 mmol) of 10% palladium onactivated carbon were added under argon and the mixture was hydrogenatedat standard pressure for 5 hours. The reaction solution was filteredusing a Millipore filter and washed with ethanol, and the filtrate wasconcentrated using a rotary evaporator. Acetonitrile, water and TFA wereadded to the residue and the product was purified by preparative HPLC(RP18 column, mobile phase: acetonitrile/water gradient with addition of0.1% TFA). The product fractions were combined and concentrated.Subsequently, the residue was taken up in dichloromethane and a littlemethanol, and washed twice with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with dichloromethane.The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated. This gave 58 mg of the target compound (62% of theory).

LC-MS (Method 2): R_(t)=0.84 min

MS (ESpos): m/z=489 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=−0.04 (s, 9H), 0.43-0.57 (m, 2H), 0.96 (s,3H), 1.25-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.42 (br. s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 3.15-3.24 (m,2H), 5.45 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 7.20 (t, 1H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.38(s, 1H), 7.59-7.67 (m, 1H), [further signal hidden under solvent peak].

B. ASSESSMENT OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFICACY

The following abbreviations are used:

-   ATP adenosine triphosphate-   Brij35 polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether-   BSA bovine serum albumin:-   DTT dithiothreitol-   TEA triethanolamine

The pharmacological action of the compounds of the invention can bedemonstrated in the following assays:

B-1. Measurement of sGC Enzyme Activity by Means of PPi Detection

Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) converts GTP to cGMP and pyrophosphate(PPi) when stimulated. PPi is detected with the aid of the methoddescribed in WO 2008/061626. The signal that arises in the assayincreases as the reaction progresses and serves as a measure of the sGCenzyme activity. With the aid of a PPi reference curve, the enzyme canbe characterized in a known manner, for example in terms of conversionrate, stimulability or Michaelis constant.

Conduct of the Test

To conduct the test, 29 μl of enzyme solution (0-10 nM soluble guanylylcyclase (prepared according to Honicka et al., Journal of MolecularMedicine 77 (1999) 14-23), in 50 mM TEA, 2 mM magnesium chloride, 0.1%BSA (fraction V), 0.005% Brij 35, pH 7.5) were initially charged in themicroplate, and 1 μl of the stimulator solution (0-10 μM3-morpholinosydnonimine, SIN-1, Merck in DMSO) was added. The microplatewas incubated at RT for 10 min. Then 20 μl of detection mix (1.2 nMFirefly Luciferase (Photinus pyralis luciferase, Promega), 29 μMdehydroluciferin (prepared according to Bitler & McElroy, Arch. Biochem.Biophys. 72 (1957) 358), 122 μM luciferin (Promega), 153 μM ATP (Sigma)and 0.4 mM DTT (Sigma) in 50 mM TEA, 2 mM magnesium chloride, 0.1% BSA(fraction V), 0.005% Brij 35, pH 7.5) were added. The enzyme reactionwas started by adding 20 μl of substrate solution (1.25 mM guanosine5′-triphosphate (Sigma) in 50 mM TEA, 2 mM magnesium chloride, 0.1% BSA(fraction V), 0.005% Brij 35, pH 7.5) and analysed continuously in aluminometer.

B-2. Effect on a Recombinant Guanylate Cyclase Reporter Cell Line

The cellular activity of the compounds according to the invention isdetermined using a recombinant guanylate cyclase reporter cell line, asdescribed in F. Wunder et al., Anal. Biochem. 339, 104-112 (2005).

Representative MEC values (MEC=minimum effective concentration) for thecompounds of the invention are shown in the table below (in some casesas mean values from individual determinations):

TABLE A Example MEC [μM] 1 0.20 2 0.10 3 0.30 4 0.53 5 0.30

B-3. Vasorelaxant Effect In Vitro

Rabbits are stunned by a blow to the neck and exsanguinated. The aortais removed, freed from adhering tissue and divided into rings of width1.5 mm, which are placed individually under prestress into 5 ml organbaths with carbogen-sparged Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37° C. havingthe following composition (each in mM): sodium chloride: 119; potassiumchloride: 4.8; calcium chloride dihydrate: 1; magnesium sulfateheptahydrate: 1.4; potassium dihydrogenphosphate: 1.2; sodiumbicarbonate: 25; glucose: 10. The contractile force is determined withStatham UC2 cells, amplified and digitalized using A/D transducers(DAS-1802 HC, Keithley Instruments Munich), and recorded in parallel onlinear recorders. To generate a contraction, phenylephrine is added tothe bath cumulatively in increasing concentration. After several controlcycles, the substance to be studied is added in increasing dosage eachtime in every further run, and the magnitude of the contraction iscompared with the magnitude of the contraction attained in the lastpreceding run. This is used to calculate the concentration needed toreduce the magnitude of the control value by 50% (IC₅₀ value). Thestandard administration volume is 5 μl; the DMSO content in the bathsolution corresponds to 0.1%.

B-4. Blood Pressure Measurement on Anaesthetized Rats

Male Wistar rats having a body weight of 300-350 g are anaesthetizedwith thiopental (100 mg/kg i.p.). After tracheotomy, a catheter isintroduced into the femoral artery to measure the blood pressure. Thesubstances to be tested are administered as solutions, either orally bymeans of a gavage or intravenously via the femoral vein (Stasch et al.Br. J. Pharmacol. 2002; 135: 344-355).

B-5. Radiotelemetry Measurement of Blood Pressure in Conscious,Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

A commercially available telemetry system from DATA SCIENCESINTERNATIONAL DSI, USA, is employed for the blood pressure measurementon conscious rats described below.

The system consists of 3 main components:

implantable transmitters (Physiotel® telemetry transmitter)

receivers (Physiotel® receiver) which are linked via a multiplexer (DSIData Exchange Matrix) to a

data acquisition computer.

The telemetry system makes it possible to continuously record bloodpressure, heart rate and body motion of conscious animals in their usualhabitat.

Animal Material

The studies are conducted on adult female spontaneously hypertensiverats (SHR Okamoto) with a body weight of >200 g. SHR/NCrl from theOkamoto Kyoto School of Medicine, 1963, were a cross of male WistarKyoto rats having greatly elevated blood pressure and female rats havingslightly elevated blood pressure, and were handed over at F13 to theU.S. National Institutes of Health.

After transmitter implantation, the experimental animals are housedsingly in type 3 Makrolon cages. They have free access to standard feedand water.

The day/night rhythm in the experimental laboratory is changed by theroom lighting at 6:00 am and at 7:00 pm.

Transmitter Implantation

The TA11 PA-C40 telemetry transmitters used are surgically implantedunder aseptic conditions in the experimental animals at least 14 daysbefore the first experimental use. The animals instrumented in this waycan be used repeatedly after the wound has healed and the implant hassettled.

For the implantation, the fasted animals are anesthetized withpentobarbital (Nembutal, Sanofi: 50 mg/kg i.p.) and shaved anddisinfected over a large area of their abdomens. After the abdominalcavity has been opened along the linea alba, the liquid-filled measuringcatheter of the system is inserted into the descending aorta in thecranial direction above the bifurcation and fixed with tissue glue(VetBonD™, 3M). The transmitter housing is fixed intraperitoneally tothe abdominal wall muscle, and the wound is closed layer by layer.

An antibiotic (Tardomyocel COMP, Bayer, 1 ml/kg s.c.) is administeredpostoperatively for prophylaxis of infection.

Substances and Solutions

Unless stated otherwise, the substances to be studied are administeredorally by gavage to a group of animals in each case (n=6). In accordancewith an administration volume of 5 ml/kg of body weight, the testsubstances are dissolved in suitable solvent mixtures or suspended in0.5% tylose.

A solvent-treated group of animals is used as control.

Experimental Procedure

The telemetry measuring unit present is configured for 24 animals. Eachexperiment is recorded under an experiment number (Vyear month day).

Each of the instrumented rats living in the system is assigned aseparate receiving antenna (1010 Receiver, DSI).

The implanted transmitters can be activated externally by means of anincorporated magnetic switch. They are switched to transmission in therun-up to the experiment. The signals emitted can be detected online bya data acquisition system (Dataquest™ A.R.T. for WINDOWS, DSI) andprocessed accordingly. The data are stored in each case in a filecreated for this purpose and bearing the experiment number.

In the standard procedure, the following are measured for 10-secondperiods in each case:

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

heart rate (HR)

activity (ACT).

The acquisition of measurements is repeated under computer control at5-minute intervals. The source data obtained as absolute values arecorrected in the diagram with the currently measured barometric pressure(Ambient Pressure Reference Monitor: APR-1) and stored as individualdata. Further technical details are given in the extensive documentationfrom the manufacturer company (DSI).

Unless indicated otherwise, the test substances are administered at 9:00am on the day of the experiment. Following the administration, theparameters described above are measured over 24 hours.

Evaluation

After the end of the experiment, the acquired individual data are sortedusing the analysis software (DATAQUEST™ A.R.T.™ ANALYSIS). The blankvalue is assumed here to be the time 2 hours before administration, andso the selected data set encompasses the period from 7:00 am on the dayof the experiment to 9:00 am on the following day.

The data are smoothed over a predefinable period by determination of theaverage (15-minute average) and transferred as a text file to a storagemedium. The measured values presorted and compressed in this way aretransferred to Excel templates and tabulated. For each day of theexperiment, the data obtained are stored in a dedicated file bearing thenumber of the experiment. Results and test protocols are stored in filesin paper form sorted by numbers.

LITERATURE

-   Klaus Witte, Kai Hu, Johanna Swiatek, Claudia Müssig, Georg Ertl and    Bjöm Lemmer: Experimental heart failure in rats: effects on    cardiovascular circadian rhythms and on myocardial f-adrenergic    signaling. Cardiovasc Res 47 (2): 203-405, 2000; Kozo Okamoto:    Spontaneous hypertension in rats. Int Rev Exp Pathol 7: 227-270,    1969; Maarten van den Buuse: Circadian Rhythms of Blood Pressure,    Heart Rate, and Locomotor Activity in Spontaneously Hypertensive    Rats as Measured With Radio-Telemetry. Physiology & Behavior 55(4):    783-787, 1994.

B-6. Determination of Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Intravenousand Oral Administration

The pharmacokinetic parameters of the compounds according to theinvention are determined in male CD-1 mice, male Wistar rats and femalebeagles. Intravenous administration in the case of mice and rats iscarried out by means of a species-specific plasma/DMSO formulation, andin the case of dogs by means of a water/PEG400/ethanol formulation. Inall species, oral administration of the dissolved substance is performedvia gavage, based on a water/PEG400/ethanol formulation. The removal ofblood from rats is simplified by inserting a silicone catheter into theright Vena jugularis externa prior to substance administration. Theoperation is carried out at least one day prior to the experiment withisofluran anaesthesia and administration of an analgesic(atropine/rimadyl (3/1) 0.1 ml s.c.). The blood is taken (generally morethan 10 time points) within a time window including terminal time pointsof at least 24 to a maximum of 72 hours after substance administration.The blood is removed into heparinized tubes. The blood plasma is thenobtained by centrifugation; if required, it is stored at −20° C. untilfurther processing.

An internal standard (which may also be a chemically unrelatedsubstance) is added to the samples of the compounds of the invention,calibration samples and qualifiers, and there follows proteinprecipitation by means of acetonitrile in excess. Addition of a buffersolution matched to the LC conditions, and subsequent vortexing, isfollowed by centrifugation at 1000 g. The supernatant is analysed byLC-MS/MS using C18 reversed-phase columns and variable mobile phasemixtures. The substances are quantified via the peak heights or areasfrom extracted ion chromatograms of specific selected ion monitoringexperiments.

The plasma concentration/time plots determined are used to calculate thepharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC, C_(max), t_(1/2) (terminalhalf-life), F (bioavailability), MRT (mean residence time) and CL(clearance), by means of a validated pharmacokinetic calculationprogram.

Since the substance quantification is performed in plasma, it isnecessary to determine the blood/plasma distribution of the substance inorder to be able to adjust the pharmacokinetic parameterscorrespondingly. For this purpose, a defined amount of substance isincubated in heparinized whole blood of the species in question in arocking roller mixer for 20 min. After centrifugation at 1000 g, theplasma concentration is measured (by means of LC-MS/MS; see above) anddetermined by calculating the ratio of the C_(blood)/C_(plasma), value.

B-7. Metabolic Study

To determine the metabolic profile of the inventive compounds, they areincubated with recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, livermicrosomes or primary fresh hepatocytes from various animal species(e.g. rats, dogs), and also of human origin, in order to obtain and tocompare information about a very substantially complete hepatic phase Iand phase II metabolism, and about the enzymes involved in themetabolism.

The compounds of the invention were incubated with a concentration ofabout 0.1-10 μM. To this end, stock solutions of the compounds of theinvention having a concentration of 0.01-1 mM in acetonitrile wereprepared, and then pipetted with a 1:100 dilution into the incubationmixture. The liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were incubated at37° C. in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 with and withoutNADPH-generating system consisting of 1 mM NADP⁺, 10 mMglucose-6-phosphate and 1 unit glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.Primary hepatocytes were incubated in suspension in Williams E medium,likewise at 37° C. After an incubation time of 0-4 h the incubationmixtures were stopped with acetonitrile (final concentration about 30%)and the protein was centrifuged off at about 15 000×g. The samples thusstopped were either analyzed directly or stored at −20° C. untilanalysis.

The analysis is carried out by high-performance liquid chromatographywith ultraviolet and mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-UV-MS/MS). Tothis end, the supernatants of the incubation samples are chromatographedwith suitable C18 reversed-phase columns and variable mobile phasemixtures of acetonitrile and 10 mM aqueous ammonium formate solution or0.05% formic acid. The UV chromatograms in conjunction with massspectrometry data serve for identification, structural elucidation andquantitative estimation of the metabolites, and for quantitativemetabolic reduction of the compound of the invention in the incubationmixtures.

B-8. Caco-2 Permeability Test

The permeability of a test substance was determined with the aid of theCaco-2 cell line, an established in vitro model for permeabilityprediction at the gastrointestinal barrier (Artursson, P. and Karlsson,J. (1991). Correlation between oral drug absorption in humans andapparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial(Caco-2) cells. Biochem. Biophys. 175 (3), 880-885). The Caco-2 cells(ACC No. 169, DSMZ, Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen undZellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany) were sown in 24-well plates havingan insert and cultivated for 14 to 16 days. For the permeabilitystudies, the test substance was dissolved in DMSO and diluted to thefinal test concentration with transport buffer (Hanks Buffered SaltSolution, Gibco/Invitrogen, with 19.9 mM glucose and 9.8 mM HEPES). Inorder to determine the apical to basolateral permeability (P_(app)A-B)of the test substance, the solution comprising the test substance wasapplied to the apical side of the Caco-2 cell monolayer, and transportbuffer to the basolateral side. In order to determine the basolateral toapical permeability (P_(app)B-A) of the test substance, the solutioncomprising the test substance was applied to the basolateral side of theCaco-2 cell monolayer, and transport buffer to the apical side. At thestart of the experiment, samples were taken from the respective donorcompartment in order to ensure the mass balance. After an incubationtime of two hours at 37° C., samples were taken from the twocompartments. The samples were analyzed by means of LC-MS/MS and theapparent permeability coefficients (P_(app)) were calculated. For eachcell monolayer, the permeability of Lucifer Yellow was determined toensure cell layer integrity. In each test run, the permeability ofatenolol (marker for low permeability) and sulfasalazine (marker foractive excretion) was also determined as quality control.

B-9. hERG Potassium Current Assay

The hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene) potassium current makes asignificant contribution to the repolarization of the human cardiacaction potential (Scheel et al., 2011). Inhibition of this current bypharmaceuticals can in rare cases cause potentially lethal cardiacarrhythmias, and is therefore studied at an early stage during drugdevelopment.

The functional hERG assay used here is based on a recombinant HEK293cell line which stably expresses the KCNH2(HERG) gene (Zhou et al.,1998). These cells are studied by means of the “whole-cellvoltage-clamp” technique (Hamill et al., 1981) in an automated system(Patchliner™; Nanion, Munich, Germany), which controls the membranevoltage and measures the hERG potassium current at room temperature. ThePatchControlHT™ software (Nanion) controls the Patchliner system, datacapture and data analysis. The voltage is controlled by 2 EPC-10 quadroamplifiers controlled by the PatchMasterPro™ software (both: HEKAElektronik, Lambrecht, Germany). NPC-16 chips with moderate resistance(˜2 MΩ; Nanion) serve as the planar substrate for the voltage clampexperiments.

NPC-16 chips are filled with intra- and extracellular solution (cf.Himmel, 2007) and with cell suspension. After forming a gigaohm seal andestablishing whole-cell mode (including several automated qualitycontrol steps), the cell membrane is clamped at the −80 mV holdingpotential. The subsequent voltage clamp protocol changes the commandvoltage to +20 mV (for 1000 ms), −120 mV (for 500 ms), and back to the−80 mV holding potential; this is repeated every 12 s. After an initialstabilization phase (about 5-6 minutes), test substance solution isintroduced by pipette in rising concentrations (e.g. 0.1, 1, and 10μmol/l) (exposure about 5-6 minutes per concentration), followed byseveral washing steps.

The amplitude of the inward “tail” current which is generated by achange in potential from +20 mV to −120 mV serves to quantify the hERGpotassium current, and is described as a function of time (IgorPro™Software). The current amplitude at the end of various time intervals(for example stabilization phase before test substance,first/second/third concentration of test substance) serves to establisha concentration/effect curve, from which the half-maximum inhibitingconcentration IC₅₀ of the test substance is calculated.

-   Hamill O P, Marty A, Neher E, Sakmann B, Sigworth F J. Improved    patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from    cells and cell-free membrane patches. Pfluegers Arch 1981;    391:85-100.-   Himmel H M. Suitability of commonly used excipients for    electrophysiological in-vitro safety pharmacology assessment of    effects on hERG potassium current and on rabbit Purkinje fiber    action potential. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 56:145-158.-   Scheel O, Himmel H, Rascher-Eggstein G, Knott T. Introduction of a    modular automated voltage-clamp platform and its correlation with    manual human ether-a-go-go related gene voltage-clamp data. Assay    Drug Dev Technol 2011: 9:600-607.-   Zhou Z F, Gong Q, Ye B, Fan Z, Makielski J C, Robertson G A, January    C T. Properties of hERG channels stably expressed in HEK293 cells    studied at physiological temperature. Biophys J 1998: 74:230-241.

1. Compound of the formula (I)

in which R¹ represents a group of the formula

where * represents the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom, R²represents methyl or cyclopropyl, and the N-oxides, salts, solvates,salts of the N-oxides and solvates of the N-oxides and salts thereof. 2.The compound of the formula (I) as claimed in claim 1 in which R¹represents a group of the formula

where * represents the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom, R²represents methyl, and the N-oxides, salts, solvates, salts of theN-oxides and solvates of the N-oxides and salts thereof.
 3. The compoundas claimed in claim 1 having the systematic nameent-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)propan-2-yl]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamideand the structural formula

and the salts, solvates, or the solvates of the salts thereof.
 4. Thecompound as claimed in claim 1 having the systematic namerac-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-N-{2-[2-(difluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl}-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamideand the structural formula

and the salts, solvates, or the solvates of the salts thereof.
 5. Thecompound as claimed in claim 1 having the systematic nameent-N-[2-amino-2-methyl(4,4,4-2H3)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo-[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(enantiomer A) and the structural formula

and the salts, solvates, or the solvates of the salts thereof.
 6. Thecompound as claimed in claim 1 having the systematic nameent-N-[2-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(enantiomer A) and the structural formula

and the salts, solvates, or the solvates of the salts thereof.
 7. Thecompound as claimed in claim 1 having the systematic nameent-N-[2-amino-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)butyl]-7-[(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide(enantiomer B) and the structural formula

and the salts, solvates, or the solvates of the salts thereof.
 8. Aprocess for preparing compounds of the formula (I) as defined in claim1, comprising reacting a compound of the formula (II)

in which R² has the meaning given above and T¹ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkylor benzyl, in an inert solvent in the presence of a suitable base oracid to give a carboxylic acid of the formula (III)

in which R² has the definition given above, and reacting the carboxylicacid of formula (III) in an inert solvent under amide couplingconditions, with an amine of the formula (IV-A), (IV-B), (IV-C) or(IV-D)

in which R³ represents an amino protecting group such as, for example,tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or benzyl, then detaching anyprotective groups present and optionally converting the resultingcompounds of the formula (I) with the appropriate (i) solvents and/or(ii) acids or bases to the solvates, salts and/or solvates of the saltsthereof.
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. A medicament comprising thecompound as defined in claim 1 in combination with one or more inert,nontoxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients.
 12. A medicamentcomprising the compound as defined in claim 1 in combination with afurther active compound selected from the group consisting of organicnitrates, NO donors, cGMP-PDE inhibitors, antithrombotic agents,hypotensive agents and lipid metabolism modifiers.
 13. (canceled)
 14. Amethod for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, anginapectoris, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vasculardisorders, renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders,arteriosclerosis, dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humansand animals comprising administering an effective amount of at least onecompound of claim 1 to a human or animal in need thereof.
 15. A methodfor the treatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris,hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders,renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders, arteriosclerosis,dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humans and animalscomprising administering an effective amount of at least one compound ofclaim 2 to a human or animal in need thereof.
 16. A method for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris,hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders,renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders, arteriosclerosis,dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humans and animalscomprising administering an effective amount of at least one compound ofclaim 3 to a human or animal in need thereof.
 17. A method for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris,hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders,renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders, arteriosclerosis,dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humans and animalscomprising administering an effective amount of at least one compound ofclaim 4 to a human or animal in need thereof.
 18. A method for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris,hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders,renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders, arteriosclerosis,dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humans and animalscomprising administering an effective amount of at least one compound ofclaim 5 to a human or animal in need thereof.
 19. A method for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris,hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders,renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders, arteriosclerosis,dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humans and animalscomprising administering an effective amount of at least one compound ofclaim 6 to a human or animal in need thereof.
 20. A method for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris,hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders,renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders, arteriosclerosis,dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humans and animalscomprising administering an effective amount of at least one compound ofclaim 7 to a human or animal in need thereof.
 21. A method for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of heart failure, angina pectoris,hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemias, vascular disorders,renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disorders, arteriosclerosis,dementia disorders and erectile dysfunction in humans and animalscomprising administering an effective amount of the medicament of claim11 to a human or animal in need thereof.